This book tries to give students of computer science and professional programmers a general understanding of operating systems - the programs that enable people to share computers efficiently. To make the sharing of a computer tolerable, and operating system must enforce certain rules of behaviour on all its users. One would therefore expect the designers of operating systems to do their utmost to make them as simple, efficient, and realiable as as possible. A number of operating systems made in the early of 1960's had these characteristics; but in the late 1960's designers were often overambitious and built enormous systems with poor performance. I see no inherent reason why operating systems should not reach the quality of program costruction found...