Volume 1 discusses the foundations of computer science, including computing history and some important innovators. Among the peope are American inventor Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), the designer of punched card and punched card equipment; English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871), the inventor of the Difference Engine and the proposed Analytical Engine, a precursor of the stored program computer; English noblewoman Ada Byron King, the Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852), the first "computer programmer"; American executive Thomas J. Watson Sr. (1874-1956), early chief on the IBM Corporation; and American mathematician Grace Hopper (1906-1992), who helped in the development of COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) and developed one of its predecessors, FLOW-MATIC, and is the person who allegedly coined the term "computer bug". Within Volume 1, various groups and organizations are discussed. There include the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), which brings together people from around the globe to excahnge ideas and advance computer science; the Institute of Electrical and Electroni Engineers (IEEE), which serves as the world's largest technical professional association, with more than 350000 members; and the IBM Corporation, Apple Computer Inc., and the Microsoft Corporation, which all contributed to the start of the personal computer (PC) revolution. Among the more general articles the reader will find those concerning topics such as earlly pioneers, featuring primarily American and European scientists and their work; language generations, focusing on the evolution of computer languages; and computer generations, discussing early machines such as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and the EDVAC (Electronic discrete Variable Automatic Computer). Finally, other articles of general interest in Volune 1 concern the history and workings of supercomputers; the development of the mouse; the question of computer security; the beginnings of the Internet; and the basics of digital and analog computing. The goverment's role is explained in articles on the U.S. Census Bureau and funding research projects. In addition, mathematical tools such as the binary number system and the slice rule as well as innovations such as France's Minitel are also featured.