The binary system of counting, which uses only 1s and 0s, lies at the heart of computational algorithms. Every number, every bit of data, every voice communication, and every video can, in essence, be expressed as a string of 1s and 0s. In physical terms, deep within the innards of the computer, silicon chips create those 1s and 0s through a series of switches whose structure is etched onto wafer-thin silicon integrated circuits. The beauty of cyberspace and its genius lies in recognizing the universal power of these simple 1s and 0s. The rapidity with which they can be manipulated has, over the past decades, increased exponentially. And that explosion in computing power has fostered a wild explosion of new technology. Hardly a day goes by without the development of some new computer application that is intended to enhance our lives; indeed, they have become so ubiquitous that we now have a shorthand word for them we call them apps. America's increasing utilization of, reliance on, and dependence on technology for our social infrastructure is changing how we live our lives. The pervasiveness of technological advances has significant implications for how individuals interact, for how the economy functions, for how the government and the private sector conduct business, and ultimately for how we protect our national